Ipamorelin and CJC-1295: what the research models measure
Two peptides, two receptors, and a short human record: a failed phase 2 for ipamorelin and a halted programme for CJC-1295. What the models…
Thistle Journal
Peptide research, explained properly
Plain-English guides to peptide chemistry, testing and the published evidence, with every claim referenced.
31 articlesThe Thistle Journal
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NAD+ research: what does the evidence actually show?
NAD+ is a coenzyme, not a peptide. How it differs from NMN and NR, what the precursor trials and the single NAD+ infusion study…
Reconstituting lyophilised peptides: solvent, concentration and stability in the lab
A laboratory method for turning a lyophilised research peptide into an assay stock: solvent choice by sequence, concentration from net peptide content, aliquoting, stability…
GHK-Cu research: what does the scientific literature actually show?
An evidence review of GHK-Cu: cell, animal and gene-expression studies, the full human topical record, and why no injected human data exist.
TB-500 research: what the evidence actually shows
TB-500 is a seven-residue fragment of thymosin beta-4. The healing research belongs to the full protein; the fragment has two 2003 papers, doping-control chemistry…
BPC-157 research: what does the scientific literature actually show?
More than 190 papers, almost all in rats, and roughly 30 people in uncontrolled pilot studies. What the BPC-157 literature covers, the full human…
What is GLOW peptide? The three-peptide blend, explained
GLOW puts GHK-Cu, BPC-157 and TB-500 in one 70mg vial. Here is what each part is, why the blend is blue, how it differs…
What is KLOW peptide? The four-peptide blend, explained
KLOW puts GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500 and KPV in one 80mg vial. Here is what each component is, how KLOW differs from GLOW, and where…
Peptide sequence impurities: deletion, insertion and truncation
Deletion, insertion and truncation variants differ from the target peptide by one or more residues. How they arise in synthesis, how labs detect them…
Methionine oxidation in peptides: why +16 Da is only a clue
A +16 Da shift suggests oxidation but does not identify it. How methionine sulfoxide forms, why artefacts arise during LC-MS, and what HPLC, MS…
GHK-Cu copper peptide: chemistry, research and UK status
What GHK-Cu is, how GHK binds copper and why it is blue, what fibroblast, rat and gene-expression studies report, and how copper tripeptide-1 differs…
Peptide adsorption: glass, low-bind tubes and sample recovery
Why dilute peptide sticks to glass and plastic, what studies found on low-bind tubes, vial materials and additives, and how to measure recovery in…
BPC-157 vs TB-500: what each peptide is and what the evidence shows
BPC-157 and TB-500 are different peptides with mostly animal research records. What each is, why thymosin beta-4 papers do not transfer, the one direct…
Peptide deamidation and isoaspartate: why mass is not enough
Deamidation adds just 0.984 Da, and isoaspartate has the same mass as aspartate. How the succinimide route works, when deamidation happens and which methods…
CJC-1295 DAC vs no DAC: what the names actually mean
CJC-1295 is a GHRH analogue with an albumin-binding DAC. “No DAC” products are often a different peptide, modified GRF(1–29). Names, evidence and status explained.
Peptide aggregation: how to detect it, and why one test is not enough
What peptide aggregation is, what drives it, why it makes assay data vary, and what SEC, DLS and thioflavin T can and cannot detect.
Cyclic and macrocyclic peptides: what ring closure changes
What changes when a peptide chain is closed into a ring: the main closure modes, the effects on stability, conformation and permeability, and where…
Semax vs Selank: why the research is not a league table
Semax is an ACTH fragment analogue and Selank a tuftsin analogue. Their studies used different models and outcomes, so they cannot be ranked. Neither…
TFA salt peptides: counterions, net peptide content and assays
Most synthetic peptides are made as trifluoroacetate (TFA) salts. How counterions affect net peptide content, why TFA can matter in cell and mouse studies,…
AI-designed peptides: prediction is only the first step
How deep-learning peptide design works, what the 2022 to 2026 papers measured in the laboratory, and the six questions to ask of any AI…
MOTS-c peptide: mitochondrial research, evidence and UK status
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA. What cell, mouse and human studies report, how it differs from SS-31 (elamipretide), and its…
HPLC vs mass spectrometry: how peptide identity is tested
HPLC shows how a sample separates; mass spectrometry measures what is there. What each method can and cannot show, and why guidance expects two…
What a COA cannot tell you about a research peptide
A genuine certificate of analysis still has limits. What a COA cannot prove about your vial, from co-eluting impurities and same-mass variants to stability,…
Choosing a UK peptide supplier: a ten-point checklist
Ten checks for choosing a UK research peptide supplier: what peptide testing should cover, batch-specific laboratory reports, verifiable laboratories, traceability and how UK law…
Tissue signalling peptides: what the research actually shows
What tissue-signalling research measures, why the term healing peptides outruns the evidence, and where BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu and KPV research stops.
Nootropic peptides: what counts as evidence?
“Nootropic” describes a hoped-for effect, not evidence. What has actually been studied for Semax, Selank and DSIP, and what a claim about people would…
Lyophilised peptides: what freeze-drying does and does not tell you
How freeze-drying works, why research peptides are supplied as a dry solid, what else is in the vial, and what cake appearance can and…
Peptide storage: how to store research peptides in the lab
What peptide stability depends on, how dry powder and solution differ, and general lab practice for moisture, temperature, light, oxygen and freeze–thaw.
Peptide purity: what does 99% actually mean?
How a 99% HPLC purity figure is calculated from peak areas, why it is not 99% by weight, what a single peak can hide,…
How to read a peptide COA: a field-by-field guide
A field-by-field guide to a peptide certificate of analysis: matching it to your batch, what each test means, and how to confirm the report…
What are peptides? A plain-English guide to research peptides
A plain-English guide to amino acids, peptide bonds and peptides vs proteins, how peptides are made, and what “research peptide” means in the UK.
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Evidence has a scope
How we read research
A clear explanation should tell you what was studied—and where the conclusion stops.
Follow the source
We link the original study or guidance and identify company announcements. A link supports a specific point, not every possible claim.
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Computer models, cell experiments, animal studies and human trials answer different questions. We keep those differences visible.
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Diagrams are labelled as illustrations. Findings are not transferred to retail materials or turned into personal-use advice.
Research-use notice: this journal is for legitimate laboratory and educational research only. It does not provide guidance for human use, administration, dosing or treatment.
Published by Thistle BioLabs, a UK supplier of research materials. These articles summarise external research; they do not report studies conducted by Thistle or imply clinical accreditation.